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    <nav id="nav_main" class="navbar navbar-default navbar-dcb navbar-fixed-top">
      <div class="container-fluid">
        <!-- Brand and toggle get grouped for better mobile display -->
        <div class="navbar-mobile" id="dcb-mobile-1">
          <div class="dropdown show-outline" id="dcb-hamburger-mobile">
            <button id="dlabel" type="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><i class="fas fa-bars fa-lg"></i></button>
          </div><!--END DROPDOWN-->
        </div>
        <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="dcb-collapse-1">
          <ul class="nav navbar-nav">
            <!--DROPDOWN-->
            <div class="dropdown show-outline" id="hamburger">
              <button id="eLabel" type="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
                <i class="fas fa-bars fa-lg"></i>
              </button>
            </div><!--END DROPDOWN-->
            <div class="input-group" id="mobile-search">
              <input id="search-2" type="text" class="dcb-search form-control" placeholder="Recherche" data-brx-ls="template_search"></input>
              <span class="input-group-btn">
                <button data-target="#search-2" class="dcb-search btn btn-default" type="button" data-brx-ls="template_go_mobile">Chercher</button>
              </span>
            </div><!-- /input-group -->
            <!-- insert#main-menu-items 0 Element 110 -->

            <li class=""><a href="/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=1666" title="English Version">English</a></li>
            <li class=""><a href="/fr/" title="Accueil">Accueil</a></li>
            <li class=""><a href="/fr/fil_de_nouvelles.html" title="Nouvelles">Nouvelles</a></li>
            <li class=""><a href="/fr/a_notre_sujet.php" title="À notre sujet">À notre sujet</a></li>
            <li class=""><a href="/fr/contactez_nous_general.php" title="Contactez-nous">Contactez-nous</a></li>
            <li class=""><a href="/fr/contactez_nous_infolettre.php" title="Infolettre">Infolettre</a></li>
            <li class=""><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ulaval.ca/fondation/faire-un-don/fonds.html?fonds=280&recherche=dictionnaire%2Bbiographi" title="Faire un don">Faire un don</a></li>

            <!-- insert#main-menu-items 1 Element 110 -->
            <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
          </ul>
          <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">
            <!--FACEBOOK TWITTER NAVBAR LINKS-->
            <li><a class="fa-brands fa-square-x-twitter fa-lg" aria-hidden="true" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/dbc_dcb" title="Suivez-nous sur Twitter" data-brx-ls="template_follow_twitter"></a></li>
            <li><a class="fab fa-facebook fa-lg" aria-hidden="true" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/dictionnairebiographiqueducanada" title="Suivez-nous sur Facebook" data-brx-ls="template_follow_facebook"></a></li>
            <!--
            <li><a href="javascript:void(0)" data-brx-dyn="show:logged-in:0" class="topmenu-login-no" onclick="return showLogin();" title="Log in to My DCB" data-brx-ls="template_login">Log In</a></li>
            <li><a href="javascript:void(0)" data-brx-dyn="show:logged-in:0" class="topmenu-login-no" onclick="return ajaxRegister();" title="Register for free for My DCB: you can save biographies and searches to a personal list" data-brx-ls="template_register">Register</a></li>
            <li><a href="javascript:void(0)" data-brx-dyn="show:logged-in:1" onclick="return ajaxLogout();" title="Log out of My DCB" data-brx-ls="template_logout">Log out</a></li>
            <li><a href="/en/mydcb/" data-brx-dyn="show:logged-in:1" class="topmenu-login-yes" title="Your personal page, where you can save favourite biographies and searches" data-brx-ls="template_my_dcb">My DCB</a></li>
            -->
          </ul>
        </div><!-- /.navbar-collapse -->
      </div><!-- /.container-fluid -->
    </nav>
    <!-- END Top nav content -->

    <!-- START Header content -->
    <div id="row-top-section" class="container-fluid">
      <div class="row" id="row-breadcrumbs">
        <div id="breadcrumbs" class="col-sm-12" data-brx-ls="template_breadcrumbs">Chemin de navigation</div>
      </div>
      <!-- jtk 7-apr-2019 reader-mode -->
      <div class="row reader-mode" id="row-logo">
        <div class="col-sm-7" id="col-logo">
          <a href="/fr/" data-brx-ls="template_home" title="Dictionnaire biographique du Canada"><img class="responsive" alt="Dictionnaire biographique du Canada" src="/img/dcb_fr.svg" data-brx-ls="template_home"></a>
        </div>
        <div class="col-sm-5" id="col-search">
          <div class="container-fluid">
            <div class="row" id="search">
              <input type="text" id="simple-search" class="dcb-search simple-input" placeholder="Recherche" data-brx-ls="template_search"></input>
              <span data-target="#simple-search" class="dcb-search btn-lg glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-right" id="search_go"></span>
            </div>
            <div class="row">
              <div class="float-right" id="tools">
                <!-- start standard tools menu -->
                <nav class="navbar navbar-tools navbar navbar-default">
                  <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar">
                    <li><a href="/fr/explorer.php" title="Explorer le contenu par catégories" data-brx-ls="template_navtools_browse"><span class="btn-sm glyphicon glyphicon-th-list"></span> <span data-brx-ls="template_navtools_browse_span">Explorer</span></a></li>
                    <li><a href="/fr/recherche.php" title="Utiliser des fonctions avancées telles que les opérateurs booléens et les limiteurs de champs" data-brx-ls="template_navtools_search"><span class="btn-sm glyphicon glyphicon-search"></span> <span data-brx-ls="template_navtools_search_span">Recherche avancée</span></a></li>
                    <li><a href="javascript:void(1);" onclick="return startReaderMode();" title="En mode lecture, vous ne voyez que la barre de navigation et le bas de page. Pour revenir au mode par défaut, cliquez sur Sortir du mode lecture, en haut à gauche." data-brx-ls="template_navtools_reader"><span class="btn-sm glyphicon glyphicon-book"></span> <span data-brx-ls="template_navtools_reader_span">Mode lecture</span></a></li>
                    <li><a href="javascript:void(1);" onclick="return printDocument();" title="Version imprimable" data-brx-ls="template_navtools_print"> <span class="btn-sm glyphicon glyphicon-print"></span> <span data-brx-ls="template_navtools_print_span">Version imprimable</span></a></li>
                  </ul>
                </nav>
                <!-- end standard tools menu -->
              </div><!-- #tools -->
            </div><!-- .row -->
          </div><!-- .container-fluid -->
        </div><!-- #col-search -->
      </div><!-- #row-logo -->
    </div><!-- #row-top-section -->
    <!-- END Header content -->

    <!-- Element 111 112 113 -->
    <div style="display:none;" id="announcements" class="row alert-warning col-sm-12 announcements" data-brx-dyn="ajax:content:/fr/ajax/announcements.php">
    </div>

    <div id="content-container" class="container-fluid">
      <div class="row mobile-logo">
        <div class="col-md-12">
          <!-- Element 114 115 -->
          <a href="/fr/"><img src="/img/dcb_fr_sm.svg" alt="mobile"></a>
        </div>
        <div class="col-md-12 .bio-jump">
          <!-- insert#jump-link 0 element 116 -->
          
          <!-- insert#jump-link 1 element 116 -->
        </div>
        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
      </div>
      <div class="row">
        <!-- jtk 7-apr-2019 -->
        <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-lg-3 col-xl-2 content-left reader-mode" id="sidebar">
          <div id="sidebar-inner">
            <nav class="dcb-generic-sidebar">
              <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">
                <div class="row sidebar-dropdown-extra">
                  <input type="text" id="nav-search" class="dcb-search simple-input" placeholder="Recherche" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_search"></input>
                  <span data-target="#nav-search" class="dcb-search btn-lg glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-right" id="nav-search_go"></span>
                </div>
                <div class="row sidebar-french-home sidebar-dropdown-extra">
                  <!-- custom:dynamic_feed_6:mobile_menu Element 120 -->
                  <!-- insert#mobile-menu-items 0 Element 120 -->

                  <div class="btn-group btn-group-justified" role="group" aria-label="...">
                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=1666" title="English Version"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">English</button></a>
                    </div>

                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/fr/" title="Accueil"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Accueil</button></a>
                    </div>

                  </div>
                  <div class="btn-group btn-group-justified" role="group" aria-label="...">
                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/fr/fil_de_nouvelles.html" title="Nouvelles"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Nouvelles</button></a>
                    </div>

                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/fr/a_notre_sujet.php" title="À notre sujet"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">À notre sujet</button></a>
                    </div>

                  </div>
                  <div class="btn-group btn-group-justified" role="group" aria-label="...">
                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/fr/contactez_nous_general.php" title="Contactez-nous"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Contactez-nous</button></a>
                    </div>

                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/fr/contactez_nous_infolettre.php" title="Infolettre"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Infolettre</button></a>
                    </div>

                  </div>
                  <div class="btn-group btn-group-justified" role="group" aria-label="...">
                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ulaval.ca/fondation/faire-un-don/fonds.html?fonds=280&recherche=dictionnaire%2Bbiographi" title="Faire un don"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Faire un don</button></a>
                    </div>

                  </div>
                  <!-- insert#mobile-menu-items 1 Element 120 -->
                  <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                </div>
                <!-- sidebar-inner -->

                <!-- nav-OUTLINE -->

                <!-- Element 550. section-* tags are used to set style to display:none; if the section is not used for the page.  -->
                <nav style="display:none;" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey">
                  <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">
                    <li role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#outline-description content#outline-caption element 131 132 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#bio-outline-sidenav" class="accordion-toggle collapsed" aria-expanded="true" title="Sommaire">Sommaire</a>
                      <div id="bio-outline-sidenav" class="collapse in" aria-expanded="true">

                        <!--
                        listgroup syntax :: listgroup:data_source:format

                        format parameter may be all, start, end, li

                        Regardless of format, each generates list items from data_source. Formats allow us to construct a single list group from multiple sources, to add custom li elements

                        all prints <ul class="list-group"> then the items then </ul>
                        start -> ul, li0...liN, end-> li0...liN, /ul
                        li -> just li0...liN

                        -->
                        <!-- insert#outline-content 0 Element 130 -->

                        <!-- insert#outline-content 1 Element 130 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} simple --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / #bio-outline-sidenav -->
                    </li>
                  </ul><!-- .dcb-pills .nav-pills -->
                </nav>
                <!-- END nav-OUTLINE -->
                <!-- <nav style="display:none;" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey"> -->
                <section style="display:none;">
                  <!-- insert#outline-full-html 0 Element 130 -->

                  <!-- insert#outline-full-html 1 Element 130 -->
                </section>
                <!-- </nav> -->

                <!--JANUARY 18 2021 JB -->
                <!-- nav THEMES -->
                <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                <nav style="display:none;" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey">
                  <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">

                    <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                    <li style="display:none;" role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#bio-special-description content#bio-special-caption Element 141 142 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#bio-special-sidenav" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a>
                      <div id="bio-special-sidenav" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false" style="height: 0px;">
                        <!-- format: listgroup Element 140 -->
                        <!-- insert#bio-special-list 0 Element 140 -->

                        <!-- insert#bio-special-list 1 Element 140 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / #bio-special-sidenav -->
                    </li>

                    <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                    <li style="display:none;" role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#bio-topics-description content#bio-topics-caption Element 151 152 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#bio-related-topics-sidenav" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a>
                      <div id="bio-related-topics-sidenav" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false">
                        <!-- format: listgroup Element 150 -->
                        <!-- insert#bio-topics-list 0 Element 150 -->

                        <!-- insert#bio-topics-list 1 Element 150 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / #bio-related-topics-sidenav -->
                    </li>

                    <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                    <li style="display:none;" role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#related-bios-description content#related-bios-caption Element 161 162 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#bio-related-bios-sidenav" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a>
                      <div id="bio-related-bios-sidenav" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false" style="height: 0px;">
                        <!-- format: listgroup Element 160 -->
                        <!-- insert#related-bios-list 0 Element 160 -->

                        <!-- insert#related-bios-list 1 Element 160 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / #bio-related-topics-sidenav -->
                    </li>
                  </ul><!-- .dcb-pills .nav-pills -->
                </nav>
                <!--END nav THEMES -->


                <!-- nav PUBLICATION  -->
                <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                <nav style="display:none;" id="content-doc-history-1" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey">
                  <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">

                    <li role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#bio-history-description content#bio-history-caption Element 171 172 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#doc-history-1" class="accordion-toggle collapsed" aria-expanded="true" title=""></a>
                      <div id="doc-history-1" class="collapse in" aria-expanded="true">
                        <!-- format: listgroup Element 170 -->
                        <!-- insert#bio-history-list 0 Element 170 -->

                        <!-- insert#bio-history-list 1 Element 170 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / # -->
                    </li>
                  </ul><!-- .dcb-pills .nav-pills -->
                </nav>
                <!--END nav PUBLICATION -->

                <!-- nav metadata  -->
                <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                <nav style="display:none;" id="content-doc-history-2" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey">
                  <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">

                    <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                    <li style="display:none;" id="content-doc-history-2-identifiers" role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#metadata-identifiers-description content#metadata-identifiers-caption Element 181 182 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#doc-history-2-identifiers" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a>
                      <div id="doc-history-2-identifiers" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false">
                        <!-- format: listgroup Element 180 -->
                        <!-- insert#metadata-identifiers-list 0 Element 180 -->

                        <!-- insert#metadata-identifiers-list 1 Element 180 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / # -->
                    </li>

                    <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                    <li style="display:none;" id="content-doc-history-2-birth" role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#metadata-birth-description content#metadata-birth-caption Element 191 192 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#doc-history-2-birth" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a>
                      <div id="doc-history-2-birth" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false">
                        <!-- format: listgroup Element 190 -->
                        <!-- insert#metadata-birth-list 0 Element 190 -->

                        <!-- insert#metadata-birth-list 1 Element 190 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / # -->
                    </li>

                    <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                    <li style="display:none;" id="content-doc-history-2-activity" role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#metadata-activity-description content#metadata-activity-caption Element 201 202 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#doc-history-2-activity" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a>
                      <div id="doc-history-2-activity" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false">
                        <!-- format: listgroup Element 200 -->
                        <!-- insert#metadata-activity-list 0 Element 200 -->

                        <!-- insert#metadata-activity-list 1 Element 200 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / # -->
                    </li>
                  </ul><!-- .dcb-pills .nav-pills -->
                </nav>
                <!--END nav metadata -->

                <!-- nav SOCIAL 1 -->
                <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                <div class="row" style="display:none;" id="sidebar-social-1">
                  <div class="col-md-12 share-this">
                    <div class="sharethis-inline-share-buttons st-center st-lang-fr st-has-labels st-inline-share-buttons st-animated st-1">
                      <div class="st-btn st-first" data-network="facebook" style="display: inline-block;">
                        <img alt="facebook sharing button" src="/img/facebook.svg">
                        <span class="st-label" data-brx-ls="template_share_facebook">Partager</span>
                      </div><!-- .st-btn -->
                      <div class="st-btn st-last" data-network="twitter" style="display: inline-block;">
                        <img alt="twitter sharing button" src="/img/twitter.svg">
                        <span class="st-label" data-brx-ls="template_share_twitter">Tweeter</span>
                      </div><!-- .st-btn -->
                    </div><!-- .sharethis-inline-share-buttons -->
                  </div><!-- .col-md-12 .share-this -->
                </div><!-- .row -->
                <!-- END nav SOCIAL 1 -->

                <!-- nav RED -->
                <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                <nav style="" id="sidebar-main-menu" class="dcb-generic-sidebar dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-red">
                  <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">
                    <li role="presentation"><a href="/fr/nouvelles_biographies.html" title="Nouvelles biographies" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_new_bios">Nouvelles biographies</a></li>
                    <li role="presentation"><a href="/fr/biographies_mises_a_jour.html" title="Biographies modifiées" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_updated_bios">Biographies modifiées</a></li>
                    <li role="presentation">
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#panelBioOfTheDay" class="accordion-toggle collapsed" aria-expanded="true" title="Lisez l&#x27;histoire d&#x27;un personnage né ou mort ce jour" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_botd">Biographie du jour</a>
                      <div id="panelBioOfTheDay" class="collapse in" aria-expanded="true">
                        <div class="dcb-image-panel dcb-panel panel">
                          <div class="panel-body">
                            <div class="botd-dynamic feed-item-sidebar" data-brx-dyn="ajax:content:/fr/ajax/botd.php">
                              <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                            </div><!--feed-item-sidebar-->
                            <div class="see-all">
                              <strong><a href="/fr/bio_du_jour.html" class="see-all" title="Voir les biographies du jour précédentes" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_botd_all">Voir les précédentes</a></strong>
                            </div><!--see-all-->
                          </div><!-- .panel-body -->
                        </div><!-- .dcb-image-panel .dcb-panel .panel -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / #panelBioOfTheDay -->
                    </li>
                    <li role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#special-project-description content#special-project-caption Element 211 212 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#panelSpecialProjects" class="accordion-toggle collapsed" aria-expanded="true" title="Thèmes importants de l’histoire canadienne et modules éducatifs, préparés et présentés par des collaborateurs et des rédacteurs du DBC/DCB">Thèmes, essais et ressources</a>
                      <div id="panelSpecialProjects" class="collapse in" aria-expanded="true">
                        <!-- format: listgroup-items Element 210 -->
                        <ul class="list-group">
                          <!-- insert#special-project-items 0 Element 210 -->

                          <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/fr/theme_confederation.html" title="La Conf&eacute;d&eacute;ration">La Conf&eacute;d&eacute;ration</a></li>
                          <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/fr/theme_1re_guerre_mondiale.html" title="La Première Guerre mondiale">La Première Guerre mondiale</a></li>
                          <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/fr/theme_femmes.html" title="Les femmes dans le DBC/DCB">Les femmes dans le DBC/DCB</a></li>
                          <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/fr/theme_sportifs.html" title="Sports et sportifs">Sports et sportifs</a></li>
                          <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/fr/theme_acadiens_s_xix.html" title="Les Acadiens">Les Acadiens</a></li>

                          <!-- insert#special-project-items 1 Element 210 -->
                          <div class="dcb-image-panel dcb-panel panel">
                            <div class="panel-body">
                              <div class="see-all">
                                <a href="/fr/gallery_special_projects.html" class="see-all" title="Voir la liste des Thèmes, essais et ressources" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_themes_all">Voir la liste complète</a>
                              </div>
                            </div><!-- .panel-body -->
                          </div><!-- .dcb-image-panel .dcb-panel .panel -->
                        </ul>
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->

                      </div><!-- .collapse / #panelSpecialProjects -->
                    </li>
                  </ul><!-- .dcb-pills .nav-pills -->
                </nav>
                <!--END  nav RED-->

                <!-- nav SOCIAL 2 -->
                <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                <div class="row" style="" id="sidebar-social-2">
                  <div class="col-md-12 share-this">
                    <div class="sharethis-inline-share-buttons st-center st-lang-fr st-has-labels st-inline-share-buttons st-animated st-1">
                      <div class="st-btn st-first" data-network="facebook" style="display: inline-block;">
                        <img alt="facebook sharing button" src="/img/facebook.svg">
                        <span class="st-label" data-brx-ls="template_share_facebook">Partager</span>
                      </div><!-- .st-btn -->
                      <div class="st-btn st-last" data-network="twitter" style="display: inline-block;">
                        <img alt="twitter sharing button" src="/img/twitter.svg">
                        <span class="st-label" data-brx-ls="template_share_twitter">Tweeter</span>
                      </div><!-- .st-btn -->
                    </div><!-- .sharethis-inline-share-buttons -->
                  </div><!-- .col-md-12 .share-this -->
                </div><!-- .row -->
                <!-- END nav SOCIAL 2 -->

              </ul>
            </nav>
          </div>
        </div><!-- /#sidebar -->

        <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-lg-9 col-xl-10 content-area" id="content-area">
          <!-- page-content used when bio not published and non-bio pages -->
          <!-- insert#page-content 0 Element 240 used by non-bio pages -->

      <div class="container-fluid">
        <div id="related-bios" class="col-xs-12">
          <h1>Loges maçonniques au Canada</h1>
          <p>La première loge maçonnique au Canada vit le jour en 1738 à Annapolis Royal, en Nouvelle-Écosse. Fraternité internationale, la franc-maçonnerie était formée de loges locales regroupées en grandes loges, et comportait des rites d’initiation. Défendant l’idée de l’indépendance de l’État et de l’Église, ses membres partageaient des préoccupations politiques et sociales, telle l’alphabétisation des plus démunis. Si, dans les milieux protestants, appartenir à divers cercles fermés comme la franc-maçonnerie consolidait son rang dans la classe supérieure de la société, il en allait autrement dans le monde catholique, hanté par le spectre de la franc-maçonnerie qu’il percevait comme une menace.</p>
        </div>

        <div id="related-bios" class="related-pages col-xs-12 col-md-6">
          <h2>Biographies connexes</h2>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/fr/bio/addison_robert_6F.html" title="ADDISON, ROBERT"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/fr/bio/addison_robert_6F.html" title="ADDISON, ROBERT">ADDISON, ROBERT</a>
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          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
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          <h2>Autres ressources</h2>
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            <a target="_blank" href='http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/franc-maconnerie/' title='Franc-ma&ccedil;onnerie - l&#039;Encyclop&eacute;die Canadienne'><span><img src='/img/related-logos/logo-ce-fr_w50.png'></span></a>
            <a target="_blank" href='http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/franc-maconnerie/' title='Franc-ma&ccedil;onnerie - l&#039;Encyclop&eacute;die Canadienne'>Franc-maçonnerie - l'Encyclopédie Canadienne</a>
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            <a target="_blank" href='https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc-ma%C3%A7onnerie_au_Canada' title='Franc-ma&ccedil;onnerie au Canada &mdash; Wikip&eacute;dia'><span><img src='/img/related-logos/logo-wiki-fr_w50.png'></span></a>
            <a target="_blank" href='https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc-ma%C3%A7onnerie_au_Canada' title='Franc-ma&ccedil;onnerie au Canada &mdash; Wikip&eacute;dia'>Franc-maçonnerie au Canada — Wikipédia</a>
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            <a target="_blank" href='https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc-ma%C3%A7onnerie_au_Qu%C3%A9bec' title='Franc-ma&ccedil;onnerie au Qu&eacute;bec &mdash; Wikip&eacute;dia'><span><img src='/img/related-logos/logo-wiki-fr_w50.png'></span></a>
            <a target="_blank" href='https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc-ma%C3%A7onnerie_au_Qu%C3%A9bec' title='Franc-ma&ccedil;onnerie au Qu&eacute;bec &mdash; Wikip&eacute;dia'>Franc-maçonnerie au Québec — Wikipédia</a>
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  <div id="choose-language" class="dcb-dialog">
  </div>
  <div id="change-holder" class="dcb-dialog">
  </div>
  <!-- was includes/msgbox.php -->
  <div style="display:none;" class="msgbox" id="msgbox">
    <div class="text"> 
    </div>
    <div class="twobuttons" id="msgbox_buttons">
      <a class="okay" href="javascript:void(0)">OK</a>
      <a class="cancel" href="javascript:void(0)">Cancel</a>
    </div>
    <div class="onebutton" id="msgbox_buttons_one">
      <a class="okay" href="javascript:void(0)">OK</a>
    </div>
  </div>
  <!--
  <div id="reader-mode-toast" class="alert alert-info"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-arrow-up"></span>Exit reader mode</div>
  -->
  <div id="reader-mode-exit">
    <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary reader-mode-exit" data-brx-ls="template_reader" title="Sortir du mode lecture">Sortir du mode lecture</button>
  </div>

  <!-- insert#show-keys 0 Element 500 -->
  
  <!-- insert#show-keys 1 Element 500 -->

    <!--
        Compiled and minified JavaScript for jquery, jquery-ui and bootstrap
        js load order: jquery.min.js, jquery-ui.js, bootstrap.min.js

        with <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.12.4/jquery.min.js" integrity="sha512-jGsMH83oKe9asCpkOVkBnUrDDTp8wl+adkB2D+//JtlxO4SrLoJdhbOysIFQJloQFD+C4Fl1rMsQZF76JjV0eQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

        with <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.1/jquery-ui.min.js" integrity="sha512-uto9mlQzrs59VwILcLiRYeLKPPbS/bT71da/OEBYEwcdNUk8jYIy+D176RYoop1Da+f9mvkYrmj5MCLZWEtQuA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

        with <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery-easing/1.3/jquery.easing.min.js" integrity="sha512-ahmSZKApTDNd3gVuqL5TQ3MBTj8tL5p2tYV05Xxzcfu6/ecvt1A0j6tfudSGBVuteSoTRMqMljbfdU0g2eDNUA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

        replace bootstrap.min.js
        with <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha384-aJ21OjlMXNL5UyIl/XNwTMqvzeRMZH2w8c5cRVpzpU8Y5bApTppSuUkhZXN0VxHd" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
    -->
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.12.4/jquery.min.js" integrity="sha512-jGsMH83oKe9asCpkOVkBnUrDDTp8wl+adkB2D+//JtlxO4SrLoJdhbOysIFQJloQFD+C4Fl1rMsQZF76JjV0eQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.1/jquery-ui.min.js" integrity="sha512-uto9mlQzrs59VwILcLiRYeLKPPbS/bT71da/OEBYEwcdNUk8jYIy+D176RYoop1Da+f9mvkYrmj5MCLZWEtQuA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery-easing/1.3/jquery.easing.min.js" integrity="sha512-ahmSZKApTDNd3gVuqL5TQ3MBTj8tL5p2tYV05Xxzcfu6/ecvt1A0j6tfudSGBVuteSoTRMqMljbfdU0g2eDNUA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha384-aJ21OjlMXNL5UyIl/XNwTMqvzeRMZH2w8c5cRVpzpU8Y5bApTppSuUkhZXN0VxHd" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>

    <!-- todo what is this
    <iframe id="pxcelframe" style="display: none;" src="t_.html"></iframe>
    <script async="" src="/js/5e1c80aec17cd7001217700d.js"></script>
    <script id="facebook-jssdk" src="/js/all_002.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/all.js"></script>
    -->

    <!-- add base javascript. required for all or most -->
    <!-- querystring#?time=#javascript_time Element 021 -->
    <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/js_strings.js?time=1727162939"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/modernizr-3.6.js?time=1727162939"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/shared-base.js?time=1727162939"></script>

    <!-- for all: jquery 3.3.7 -->
    <!-- why jtk-2020-01-a
    <iframe id="pxcelframe" style="display: none;" src="t_.html">
    </iframe>
    -->

    <!-- todo update google code -->
    <script type="text/javascript">
        var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://ssl." : "http://www.");
        document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E"));
    </script>
    <script type="text/javascript">
        try {
            var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker("UA-25429501-1");
            pageTracker._trackPageview();
        } catch (err) {
        }
    </script>

    <!-- Google tag (gtag.js) -->
    <script async="None" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-HJG3WCKTF7"></script>
    <script>
      window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
      function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}
      gtag('js', new Date());

      gtag('config', 'G-HJG3WCKTF7');
    </script>


    <script charset="utf-8" src="/js/button.js"></script>
    <!--
    <script charset="utf-8" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/OwlCarousel2/2.3.4/owl.carousel.min.js"></script>
    -->
    <script charset="utf-8" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/OwlCarousel2/2.3.4/owl.carousel.min.js"></script>

    <!-- todo update facebook code -->
    <style type="text/css">.fb_hidden{position:absolute;top:-10000px;z-index:10001}.fb_reposition{overflow:hidden;position:relative}.fb_invisible{display:none}.fb_reset{background:none;border:0;border-spacing:0;color:#000;cursor:auto;direction:ltr;font-family:"lucida grande", tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;font-size:11px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:1;margin:0;overflow:visible;padding:0;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0;text-shadow:none;text-transform:none;visibility:visible;white-space:normal;word-spacing:normal}.fb_reset>div{overflow:hidden}@keyframes fb_transform{from{opacity:0;transform:scale(.95)}to{opacity:1;transform:scale(1)}}.fb_animate{animation:fb_transform .3s forwards} .fb_dialog{background:rgba(82, 82, 82, .7);position:absolute;top:-10000px;z-index:10001}.fb_dialog_advanced{border-radius:8px;padding:10px}.fb_dialog_content{background:#fff;color:#373737}.fb_dialog_close_icon{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png) no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent;cursor:pointer;display:block;height:15px;position:absolute;right:18px;top:17px;width:15px}.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_icon{left:5px;right:auto;top:5px}.fb_dialog_padding{background-color:transparent;position:absolute;width:1px;z-index:-1}.fb_dialog_close_icon:hover{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png) no-repeat scroll 0 -15px transparent}.fb_dialog_close_icon:active{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png) no-repeat scroll 0 -30px transparent}.fb_dialog_iframe{line-height:0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_title{background:#6d84b4;border:1px solid #365899;color:#fff;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;margin:0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_title>span{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yd/r/Cou7n-nqK52.gif) no-repeat 5px 50%;float:left;padding:5px 0 7px 26px}body.fb_hidden{height:100%;left:0;margin:0;overflow:visible;position:absolute;top:-10000px;transform:none;width:100%}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/ya/r/3rhSv5V8j3o.gif) white no-repeat 50% 50%;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:0;z-index:10001}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered{background:none;height:auto;min-height:initial;min-width:initial;width:auto}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered #fb_dialog_loader_spinner{width:100%}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered .fb_dialog_content{background:none}.loading.centered #fb_dialog_loader_close{clear:both;color:#fff;display:block;font-size:18px;padding-top:20px}#fb-root #fb_dialog_ipad_overlay{background:rgba(0, 0, 0, .4);bottom:0;left:0;min-height:100%;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:100%;z-index:10000}#fb-root #fb_dialog_ipad_overlay.hidden{display:none}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading iframe{visibility:hidden}.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_iframe{position:sticky;top:0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header{background:linear-gradient(from(#738aba), to(#2c4987));border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:#1d3c78;box-shadow:white 0 1px 1px -1px inset;color:#fff;font:bold 14px Helvetica, sans-serif;text-overflow:ellipsis;text-shadow:rgba(0, 30, 84, .296875) 0 -1px 0;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header table{height:43px;width:100%}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header td.header_left{font-size:12px;padding-left:5px;vertical-align:middle;width:60px}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header td.header_right{font-size:12px;padding-right:5px;vertical-align:middle;width:60px}.fb_dialog_content .touchable_button{background:linear-gradient(from(#4267B2), to(#2a4887));background-clip:padding-box;border:1px solid #29487d;border-radius:3px;display:inline-block;line-height:18px;margin-top:3px;max-width:85px;padding:4px 12px;position:relative}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header .touchable_button input{background:none;border:none;color:#fff;font:bold 12px Helvetica, sans-serif;margin:2px -12px;padding:2px 6px 3px 6px;text-shadow:rgba(0, 30, 84, .296875) 0 -1px 0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header .header_center{color:#fff;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;line-height:18px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_content{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/y9/r/jKEcVPZFk-2.gif) no-repeat 50% 50%;border:1px solid #4a4a4a;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;height:150px}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_footer{background:#f5f6f7;border:1px solid #4a4a4a;border-top-color:#ccc;height:40px}#fb_dialog_loader_close{float:left}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_button{text-shadow:rgba(0, 30, 84, .296875) 0 -1px 0}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_icon{visibility:hidden}#fb_dialog_loader_spinner{animation:rotateSpinner 1.2s linear infinite;background-color:transparent;background-image:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yD/r/t-wz8gw1xG1.png);background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;height:24px;width:24px}@keyframes rotateSpinner{0%{transform:rotate(0deg)}100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}} .fb_iframe_widget{display:inline-block;position:relative}.fb_iframe_widget span{display:inline-block;position:relative;text-align:justify}.fb_iframe_widget iframe{position:absolute}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop,.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop span,.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe{max-width:100%}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe{min-width:220px;position:relative}.fb_iframe_widget_lift{z-index:1}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid{display:inline}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid span{width:100%}</style>

    <!-- SHARE THIS-->

    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/share-this/1.3.1/share-this.js" integrity="sha512-YQH3AWzoNd5UBgAzelMJ0L74JzsE1RfD7zrTDfveB5Xm5j9PBCU+Q2tD4RavX2iVVAt4iJ/gi1mSRCbX/X55pw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/share-this/1.3.1/sharers/email.min.js" integrity="sha512-4+h27jVJhdlqWwk0hvKQX2Ow5TYcyRWaYwj5hhDem63JbmslVJHqJu29zQN/ZRM/Dbg4qi9nbbx6wRwmf/S2Yw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/share-this/1.3.1/sharers/facebook.min.js" integrity="sha512-Wh1ZDYa/KLkn2iK8a0D4FoZSqXbw1bRFCPjVs490MpcMFs1zHtMQMpqBVAqheGpRFLcGEMy/jnFmFx+6rbGJzw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/share-this/1.3.1/sharers/twitter.min.js" integrity="sha512-p0d6Rkeb1XLqCBlKVz7aF+UQNu4tGmAxT5NjJPYasGU8KmXvL8iEd8j/cvuJbqYK3HnVJqmf4ulWZvLx+2a4Fw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

    <!-- insert#share-this-link 0 element 044 (moved from header) -->
    
    <!-- insert#share-this-link 1 element 044 (moved from header) -->

    <!-- src#page_script_src, page-specific script. Element 031 (moved from header to here) -->
    <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/public_page_topics_match_list.js?time=1727162939"></script>

    <!-- #insert#page-scripts 0 Element 041 (moved from header to here) -->
    <script type="text/javascript">

        var m_languageId = '2';
        var m_title = "Loges ma\u00e7onniques au Canada";
        var m_url_pch = 'http://www.pch.gc.ca/fra/1266037002102/1265993639778';
        var m_url_ut = 'http://www.utoronto.ca/';
        var m_url_ul = 'http://www2.ulaval.ca/accueil.html';
        var m_loggedIn = '';

        // BasePublicHelper variables
        var m_pageId = 'public_page_topics_match_list';
        var m_pageIdIsUnique = '';


        $(document).ready(function() {

            // here:getJavascriptOnReady
            renderBreadcrumbs();
        });
    </script>

    <!-- #insert#page-scripts 1 Element 041 -->

<script>
  var affixSettings = {
    offset: {
      top: 100,
      bottom: function() {
        return (this.bottom = $('.footer').outerHeight(true))
      }
    }
  };

   $('#myAffix').affix(affixSettings);
</script>

<!--LIGHT GALLERY -->
<script src="/js/prettify.js"></script>


<!-- replaced <script src="/js/picturefill.js?id=<?=$version?>"></script>
     recent   <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/picturefill/3.0.3/picturefill.min.js" integrity="sha512-Nh/FthCqOFq56kGp1DsNb6GKK29iIv2ZJc7Fylln1WRrWpeE5LjSBWeAp61dkBASDxZT12aL9mZyIrhsAqgRpw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
     with     <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/picturefill/2.3.1/picturefill.min.js" integrity="sha512-O5Diz2AkqKWK7Lw4t8BnHF/47CLMPiGH9nT4A6U6+tZHCAq+jj3dA/Ngkc1LK3HmrThtjIemw5MtMrHwsV8tTg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
-->
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/picturefill/2.3.1/picturefill.min.js" integrity="sha512-O5Diz2AkqKWK7Lw4t8BnHF/47CLMPiGH9nT4A6U6+tZHCAq+jj3dA/Ngkc1LK3HmrThtjIemw5MtMrHwsV8tTg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>


<!-- missing jtk-2020-01-a
<script src="/js/video.js?id=1001"></script>
-->
<script src="/js/transition.js"></script>

<!--
if link is replace locally on update. restore it to:
  with <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lightgallery/1.6.12/js/lightgallery-all.js" integrity="sha512-ib6swbZG+2gcZ5gtx5NIi4enGrvMry+1bAJRXG2KlWr+3rPkB8sPUmzBuKZBPegm8pD1IiRsXbQ1XWd+5HSLbA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

-->
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lightgallery/1.6.12/js/lightgallery-all.js" integrity="sha512-ib6swbZG+2gcZ5gtx5NIi4enGrvMry+1bAJRXG2KlWr+3rPkB8sPUmzBuKZBPegm8pD1IiRsXbQ1XWd+5HSLbA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

<!--
  replace <script src="/js/lg-fullscreen.js?id=<?=$version?>"></script>
  with <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lg-fullscreen/1.2.1/lg-fullscreen.min.js" integrity="sha512-GvMYZx1AUxtd+OYSc33H9DYX9qeT/OY90+O8kJ65cLXvSelNSgeytaxDV8bY58TeoZxz1HiqgAfpchczH7S8qA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
-->
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lg-fullscreen/1.2.1/lg-fullscreen.min.js" integrity="sha512-GvMYZx1AUxtd+OYSc33H9DYX9qeT/OY90+O8kJ65cLXvSelNSgeytaxDV8bY58TeoZxz1HiqgAfpchczH7S8qA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

<!--
  replace <script src="/js/lg-autoplay.js?id=<?=$version?>"></script>
  with <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lg-autoplay/1.0.4/lg-autoplay.min.js" integrity="sha512-MzBa78b0IGK8BBiW2gMkSkruc9ppE9bQVBMqiFf1fcMNQ2mDuNJejZh/aWGDvhtPDpChaevAAI8WRCeHBlYqRw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
-->
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lg-autoplay/1.0.4/lg-autoplay.min.js" integrity="sha512-MzBa78b0IGK8BBiW2gMkSkruc9ppE9bQVBMqiFf1fcMNQ2mDuNJejZh/aWGDvhtPDpChaevAAI8WRCeHBlYqRw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

    <!-- insert#header-post-js 0 Element 043 -->

    <!-- insert#header-post-js 1 Element 043 -->

<!--
  replace <script src="/js/demos.js?id=<?=$version?>"></script>
  with nothing
  but if it turns out to be required with
-->


<!--BACK TO TOP -->


<!--
<div id="reader-mode-toast" class="alert alert-info"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-arrow-up"></span><?=$reader_caption?></div>
-->
<!-- Element 510 -->
<div id="reader-mode-exit"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary reader-mode-exit">Sortir du mode lecture</button></div>
<!--AFFIX-->
</body>
</html>